In GIS modelling, various data structures and data models have been 12 proposed to support variety of applications and dimensionalities, but only a few in 13 scale dimension. Some of them have succeeded in modelling scale such as in 14 Space-Scale Cube (SSC) model.

Generally, the Dual Half Edge (DHE) data structure was designed to work with any perfect 3D spatial object such as buildings. In this paper, we attempt to expand the capability of the DHE data structure toward integration with scale dimension. The description of the concept and implementation of generating 3D-scale…

Nowadays, various data structures, data models, approaches, schemas, and formats have been proposed as the best approaches to support variety of applications and dimensionality in 3D topology. However, only a few of them considers the element of scale as their targeted dimension. As the scale dimension is concerned, the implementation…